Anemia: causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of low hemoglobin / low red blood cells.
- Common symptoms: fatigue, dizziness, paleness, shortness of breath and fast heartbeat.
- Main causes: iron deficiency, B12/folate deficiency, blood loss, chronic disease and hemolysis.
- Diagnosis and treatment depend on the type of anemia and the underlying cause.
Anemia means your blood cannot carry enough oxygen to your tissues. It can develop slowly (causing tiredness and poor exercise tolerance) or quickly (causing chest pain, fainting or severe breathlessness).
A complete blood count (CBC) is the starting test. Doctors then use additional tests such as iron studies, vitamin B12/folate levels, kidney function, and sometimes stool testing or ultrasound/endoscopy if blood loss is suspected.
Treatment targets the cause: iron replacement for iron deficiency, vitamins for B12/folate deficiency, treating bleeding sources, or medicines for chronic disease. Blood transfusion is reserved for severe anemia or significant symptoms.